鈑金加工件的應(yīng)力會(huì)受到哪些因素的影響

金屬的切削加工工藝過(guò)程相當(dāng)?shù)膹?fù)雜，其不僅與多種力學(xué)有關(guān)，還會(huì)波及到摩擦學(xué)以及材料、鈑金加工工藝等多種不同的學(xué)科。在多種切削加工的過(guò)程中，工件內(nèi)部會(huì)形成殘余應(yīng)力，其會(huì)對(duì)工件造成影響，導(dǎo)致工件變形或斷裂，從而影響到工件表面的加工質(zhì)量，甚至?xí)�影響材料的抗腐蝕性、強(qiáng)度性等的鈑金性能。

　　隨著工藝技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，對(duì)鈑金加工的應(yīng)力循環(huán)數(shù)和可靠性的要求也隨之增高。為了使工件的應(yīng)力循環(huán)數(shù)延長(zhǎng)，就一定要提升工件表面的加工質(zhì)量，而加工表面層物理力學(xué)性能狀態(tài)會(huì)對(duì)工件的應(yīng)力循環(huán)數(shù)有著一定的影響。

　　在鈑金加工過(guò)程中表面所形成的殘余應(yīng)力會(huì)導(dǎo)致裂紋的形成，而且還會(huì)影響裂紋的開(kāi)口、裂紋等的擴(kuò)展。殘余應(yīng)力分成拉應(yīng)力和壓應(yīng)力兩種，在一般情況下，殘余拉應(yīng)力會(huì)導(dǎo)致已經(jīng)加工表面形成裂紋，并且另其擴(kuò)展，影響疲勞強(qiáng)度;反之，殘余壓應(yīng)力會(huì)提升工件的疲勞壽命，借助于抵消部分拉應(yīng)力，減慢疲勞裂紋的擴(kuò)展。

　　殘余應(yīng)力對(duì)工件應(yīng)力循環(huán)數(shù)的影響十分復(fù)雜，這與工件材料的彈性、外部應(yīng)力情況和使用環(huán)境有著密切的聯(lián)系，同時(shí)也與表面殘余應(yīng)力的強(qiáng)弱和分布相關(guān)。鈑金加工過(guò)程中殘余應(yīng)力的形成原因十分復(fù)雜，包括鈑金加工工藝、工作特性、刀具幾何形狀等多種因素。

The process of metal cutting is quite complex. It is not only related to many kinds of mechanics, but also to tribology, material and sheet metal processing. In the process of various machining, the residual stress will be formed inside the workpiece, which will affect the workpiece, cause the deformation or fracture of the workpiece, and affect the machining quality of the workpiece surface, and even affect the corrosion resistance and strength of the sheet metal.

With the continuous development of technology, the requirement of stress cycling and reliability for sheet metal processing has also increased. In order to prolong the stress cycle of the workpiece, it is necessary to improve the machining quality of the workpiece surface, and the physical and mechanical properties of the machined surface will have a certain influence on the number of stress cycle of the workpiece.

The residual stress formed on the surface during sheet metal processing will lead to the formation of cracks, and will also affect the expansion of cracks, cracks and so on. The residual stress is divided into two kinds of tensile stress and compressive stress. In general, the residual tensile stress will lead to the formation of cracks on the machined surface, and the other expansion will affect the fatigue strength. On the contrary, the residual compressive stress will improve the fatigue life of the workpiece, and help to counteract partial tensile stress and slow the expansion of fatigue crack.

The effect of residual stress on the stress cycle number of the workpiece is very complex, which is closely related to the elastic, external stress and the use environment of the workpiece material, and it is also related to the strength and distribution of the surface residual stress. The cause of residual stress in sheet metal processing is very complicated, including sheet metal processing technology, working characteristics, tool geometry and so on.

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